New cave-dwelling pseudoscorpions of the genus Lagynochthonius (Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae) from Guizhou in China.

Eleven new Lagynochthonius species from thirteen karst caves of Guizhou Province are described, including detailed diagnosis and illustrations: L. biyunensis sp. nov. from Biyun Cave (Panzhou City), L. guanniuensis sp. nov. from Guanniu Cave (Xifeng County), L. latipectus sp. nov. from Xianren Cave and Shenxian Cave (Jiangkou County), L. longedentatus sp. nov. from Hongbaituo Cave (Ceheng County), L. longyanensis sp. nov. from Longyan Cave (Bozhou District), L. maanensis sp. nov. from Pianxiao Cave (Zheng'an County), L. mawangensis sp. nov. from Mawang Cave (Wuchuan County), L. nigriculus sp. nov. from Yuqiyan Cave and unnamed cave (Weining County), L. tuoluoensis sp. nov. from Tuoluodadong Cave (Shuicheng District), L. xiaoensis sp. nov. from Xiao Cave (Suiyang County) and L. zhijinensis sp. nov. from Long Cave (Zhijin County). All species are endemic to Guizhou. An identification key to all known Lagynochthonius species from China is also provided.

Three new species of cave-adapted pseudoscorpions (Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae) from eastern Yunnan, China.

Three new cave-adapted chthoniid pseudoscorpions from four karst caves of Yunnan Province (China) are described, including detailed diagnosis and illustrations: Tyrannochthoniuscalvatussp. nov. from an unnamed cave and Dongtianfu Cave (Fuyuan County), T.capitosp. nov. from Xianren Cave (Xichou County), and Lagynochthoniusdaidaiensissp. nov. from Daidai Cave (Qiubei County). All three species are endemic to Yunnan. Tyrannochthoniuscalvatussp. nov., lacking the carapaceal antero-median setae and having intercalary teeth on the movable chelal finger only, is a peculiar chthoniid species.

Diversity of cave-dwelling pseudoscorpions from Guizhou in China, with the description of twenty-four new species of the genus Tyrannochthonius (Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae).

Twenty-four new Tyrannochthonius species from twenty-eight karst caves of Guizhou are described, including detailed diagnosis and illustrations: T. acutus sp. nov. from Gazuida Cave (Kaili City), T. altus sp. nov. from Shenren Cave (Hezhang County), T. arificus sp. nov. from Hei Cave (Anlong County), T. babaowanensis sp. nov. from Babaowan Cave (Yinjiang County), T. breviculus sp. nov. from Yanjia Cave (Libo County), T. brevispinus sp. nov. from Jingua Cave (Danzhai County), T. duo sp. nov. from Liangfeng Cave (Jiangkou County), T. gracilis sp. nov. from Xianren Cave (Hezhang County), T. hispidus sp. nov. from Qilin Cave (Jianhe County), T. infirmus sp. nov. from Liujiadadong Cave (Pu'an County), T. latus sp. nov. from Zimu Cave (Panzhou City), T. maculosus sp. nov. from Daxiao Cave (Xingren City), T. multicavus sp. nov. from Xiaohui Cave & Weier Cave (Pingtang County) and Da Cave & Qixia Cave (Luodian County), T. multidentatus sp. nov. from Guanyin Cave (Fenggang County) and Anjialin Cave (Sinan County), T. nanxingensis sp. nov. from Feng Cave (Panzhou City), T. oblongus sp. nov. from Houzi Cave (Huaxi District), T. parcidentatus sp. nov. from Daniu Cave (Dafang County), T. pictus sp. nov. from Gaoluo Cave and Cangjun Cave (Dushan County), T. pinguis sp. nov. from Zharou Cave (Ziyun County), T. planus sp. nov. from Yanggong Cave (Sandu County), T. qilinensis sp. nov. from Qilin Cave (Jianhe County), T. quattuor sp. nov. from Guanjiadadong Cave (Dafang County), T. umidus sp. nov. from Da Cave (Wudang District), and T. yanshanensis sp. nov. from Yanshan Cave (Wuchuan County). An identification key to all known Tyrannochthonius species from China is also provided.

Four new species of cave-adapted pseudoscorpions (Pseudoscorpiones, Pseudotyrannochthoniidae) from Guizhou, China.

Four new troglomorphic pseudotyrannochthoniid pseudoscorpion species collected from karst caves in Guizhou Province are described with detailed diagnoses and illustrations: Allochthoniusbainiensis sp. nov. from Liangfeng Cave (Xishui County), Allochthoniuspandus sp. nov. from Daozuo Cave (Xishui County), Allochthoniusxinqiaoensis sp. nov. from Sanjie Cave (Fenggang County), and Spelaeochthoniuswulibeiensis sp. nov. from Wulibei Cave (Weining County). Spelaeochthoniuswulibeiensis sp. nov. represents the first record of the genus in China. The diagnostic features of these four new cave-adapted (troglomorphic) species are presented and discussed, as well as compared with closely related species. The data on their distribution, habitat and ecology of the species are also given.

First record of the genus Catatemnus Beier, 1932 from China, with the description of six new species (Pseudoscorpiones, Atemnidae).

The genus Catatemnus Beier, 1932 is reported for the first time from China and includes six new species: C.huaesp. nov. from Hainan Island, C.laminosussp. nov., C.ramussp. nov., C.scabersp. nov., and C.tengchongensissp. nov. all from Yunnan Province, and C.tibetanussp. nov. from Xizang Autonomous Region. Descriptions and illustrations of all the new species are provided.

Indirect ELISA Using Multi-Antigenic Dominants of p30, p54 and p72 Recombinant Proteins to Detect Antibodies against African Swine Fever Virus in Pigs.

African swine fever (ASF) caused by ASF virus (ASFV) is a fatal disease in pigs and results in great economic losses. Due to the lack of available vaccines and treatments, serological diagnosis of ASF plays a key role in the surveillance program, but due to the lack of knowledge and the complexity of the ASFV genome, the candidate target viral proteins are still being researched. False negativity is still a big obstacle during the diagnostic process. In this study, the high antigenic viral proteins p30, p54 and p72 were screened to find the antigenic dominant domains and the tandem His-p30-54-72 was derived. An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA) coated with His-p30-54-72 was developed with a cut-off value of 0.371. A total of 192 clinical samples were detected by His-p30-54-72-coated indirect ELISA (iELISA) and commercial ASFV antibody kits. The results showed that the positive rate of His-p30-54-72-coated iELISA was increased by 4.7% and 14.6% compared with a single viral protein-based commercial ASFV antibody kits. These results provide a platform for future ASFV clinical diagnosis and vaccine immune effect evaluation.

Tight Junctions, the Key Factor in Virus-Related Disease.

Tight junctions (TJs) are highly specialized membrane structural domains that hold cells together and form a continuous intercellular barrier in epithelial cells. TJs regulate paracellular permeability and participate in various cellular signaling pathways. As physical barriers, TJs can block viral entry into host cells; however, viruses use a variety of strategies to circumvent this barrier to facilitate their infection. This paper summarizes how viruses evade various barriers during infection by regulating the expression of TJs to facilitate their own entry into the organism causing infection, which will help to develop drugs targeting TJs to contain virus-related disease.

Two new species of cave-adapted pseudoscorpions (Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae) from Yunnan, China.

Two new cave-adapted pseudoscorpion species belonging to the family Chthoniidae are described: Tyrannochthoniuspandus sp. nov. from Biyu Cave (Yunnan: Luxi) and Lagynochthoniuslaoxueyanensis sp. nov. from Laoxueyan Cave (Yunnan: Yanshan). Both of them, collected from the dark zone of caves, are highly troglomorphic species.

Serological Surveillance of the H1N1 and H3N2 Swine Influenza A Virus in Chinese Swine between 2016 and 2021.

Background: Swine influenza A virus (IAV-S) is a common cause of respiratory disease in pigs and poses a major public health threat. However, little attention and funding have been given to such studies. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of the Eurasian avian-like H1N1 (EA H1N1), 2009 pandemic H1N1 (pdm/09 H1N1), and H3N2 subtype antibodies in unvaccinated swine populations through serological investigations. Such data are helpful in understanding the prevalence of the IAV-S. Methods: A total of 40,343 serum samples from 17 regions in China were examined using hemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests against EA H1N1, pdm/09 H1N1, and H3N2 IAV-S from 2016 to 2021. The results were analyzed based on a reginal distribution, seasonal distribution, and in different breeding stages. Results: A total of 19,682 serum samples out of the 40,343 were positive for IAV-S (48.79%). The positivity rates to the EA H1N1 subtype, pdm/09 H1N1 subtype, and H3N2 subtype were 24.75% (9,986/40,343), 7.94% (3,205/40,343), and 0.06% (24/40,343), respectively. The occurrences of coinfections from two or more subtypes were also detected. In general, the positivity rates of serum samples were related to the regional distribution and feeding stages. Conclusions: The results of this study showed that the anti-EA H1N1 subtype and pdm/09 H1N1 subtype antibodies were readily detected in swine serum samples. The EA H1N1 subtype has become dominant in the pig population. The occurrences of coinfections from two or more subtypes afforded opportunities for their reassortment to produce new viruses. Our findings emphasized the need for continuous surveillance of influenza viruses.

Diversity of cave-dwelling pseudoscorpions from eastern Yunnan in China, with the description of eleven new species of the genus Lagynochthonius (Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae).

Eleven new Lagynochthonius species from twelve karst caves of eastern Yunnan are described, including detailed diagnosis and illustrations: L. crassus sp. nov. from Unnamed Cave 1 (Maguan County), L. fengi sp. nov. from Unnamed Cave 2 (Yanjin County), L. magnidentatus sp. nov. from Xiao Cave (Fuyuan County), L. minimus sp. nov. from Yanfen Cave and Cizhu Cave (Xichou County), L. retrorsus sp. nov. from Qinglong Cave (Daguan County), L. serratus sp. nov. from Unnamed Cave 3 (Malipo County), L. spinulentus sp. nov. from Yingshan Cave (Zhenxiong County), L. xiaolinensis sp. nov. from Dayan Cave (Zhenxiong County), L. xibaiensis sp. nov. from Hama Cave (Zhenxiong County), L. xinjiaoensis sp. nov. from Yueliang Cave (Fuyuan County), L. yaowangguensis sp. nov. from Unnamed Cave 4 (Malipo County). An identification key to all known Lagynochthonius species from China is also provided.

Dose-Effect of Zearalenone on the Localization and Expression of Growth Hormone, Growth Hormone Receptor, and Heat Shock Protein 70 in the Ovaries of Post-weaning Gilts.

Zearalenone (ZEA) has an estrogen-like effect, which can injure the reproductive system of animals, causing infertility, and abortion in sows. However, the underlying mechanisms are still not clear. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of ZEA on the localization and expression of growth hormone (GH), growth hormone receptor (GHR), and heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) in the ovaries of post-weaning gilts. Forty healthy post-weaning gilts were randomly provided one of four diets: normal basal diet supplemented with 0 (control), 0.5 (ZEA0.5), 1.0 (ZEA1.0), and 1.5 (ZEA1.5) mg ZEA/kg. Gilts were housed and fed individually for 35 days; the ovaries were collected after euthanasia for antioxidant index, relative mRNA and protein expression, and immunohistochemical analyses of GH, GHR, and Hsp70. The results revealed that the glutathione peroxidase and total superoxide dismutase levels decreased (p < 0.05), whereas the malondialdehyde level increased (p < 0.05) with increasing ZEA content. The localization pattern of GH, GHR, and Hsp70 in ZEA-treated gilts was the same as that in the control; however, the localization of yellow and brown immunoreactive substances of GH, GHR, and Hsp70 was stronger in the ZEA groups than in the control. The relative mRNA and protein expression of GHR and Hsp70 was the highest in the ZEA1.0 group (p < 0.05), whereas that of GH was the highest in the ZEA0.5 group (p < 0.05). The mRNA and protein expression of GH was lower in the ZEA1.5 group than in the control (p < 0.05). Hsp70 results showed adverse responses to increasing ZEA levels in gilt ovaries, suggesting that Hsp70 played an important role in alleviating ZEA-induced oxidative stress.

Regulatory effects of chicken TRIM25 on the replication of ALV-A and the MDA5-mediated type I interferon response.

This study focuses on the immunoregulatory effects of chicken TRIM25 on the replication of subgroup A of avian leukosis virus (ALV-A) and the MDA5-mediated type I interferon response. The ALV-A-SDAU09C1 strain was inoculated into DF1 cells and 1-day-old SPF chickens, and the expression of TRIM25 was detected at different time points after inoculation. A recombinant overexpression plasmid containing the chicken TRIM25 gene (TRIM25-GFP) was constructed and transfected into DF1 cells to analyse the effects of the overexpression of chicken TRIM25 on the replication of ALV-A and the expression of MDA5, MAVS and IFN-ß. A small interfering RNA targeting chicken TRIM25 (TRIM25-siRNA) was prepared and transfected into DF1 cells to assess the effects of the knockdown of chicken TRIM25 on the replication of ALV-A and the expression of MDA5, MAVS and IFN-ß. The results showed that chicken TRIM25 was significantly upregulated at all time points both in ALV-A-infected cells and in ALV-A-infected chickens. Overexpression of chicken TRIM25 in DF1 cells dramatically decreased the antigenic titres of ALV-A in the cell supernatant and upregulated the relative expression of MDA5, MAVS and IFN-ß induced by ALV-A or by poly(I:C); in contrast, knockdown of chicken TRIM25 significantly increased the antigenic titres of ALV-A and downregulated the relative expression of MDA5, MAVS and IFN-ß. It can be concluded that chicken TRIM25 can inhibit the replication of ALV-A and upregulate the MDA5 receptor-mediated type I interferon response in chickens. This study can help improve the understanding of the antiviral activities of chicken TRIM25 and enrich the knowledge of antiviral responses in chickens.

Postnatal ovarian development and its relationship with steroid hormone receptors in JiNing Grey goats.

In this work, we examined the ovarian development and its relationship with steroid hormone receptors levels and the precocious puberty in JiNing Gray goats by using optical microscopy, immunohistochemistry, quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qPCR) and Western blotting. We found that in the ovaries of neonatal kids, high level of receptors for estrogen (ERα and ERß) and progesterone (PR) and their mRNA were observed along with growing follicles. From 0 to 30 days of age, the weight and volume of ovaries increased significantly and the boundary between the inner and outer cortex disappeared, while the expression of ERα, ERß and PR and their mRNA decreased sharply. When 60 days old, the animals began to ovulate; the expression of ERα, ERß and PR and their mRNA significantly increased, and the animals reached puberty. On day 90, the animals manifested sexual maturity with biggest mature follicles 6.18mm in diameter, the expression of ERß and PR protein and their mRNA was maintained at a high level, with decreased expression of ERα and its mRNA. Before puberty, the expression of ovarian ERα (prepubertal dominant receptor) and it's mRNA was significantly higher than that of ERß (dominant receptor after sexual maturity). The results showed that JiNing Grey goats' ovaries had fast development and early maturation, and ERα, ERß and PR protein and mRNA expression in the ovary had distinct specificity for time and space, which may be closely related to the strain's progenitive characteristics.